Figure 4

Results from three-way analysis of variance for all 5 ratios. For each ratio, individual effects from sex, curvature, vertebra position, and their interactions (sex*vertebra position, sex*curvature, vertebra position*curvature) were tested using a fixed-effects model ANOVA (three-way analysis of variance) (significance threshold: α = 0.05). Results for each factor tested (sex, curvature, position of the vertebra in the tail) and their interactions are shown in bold. The mean values for each component of a test factor are shown below the relevant test factor, with values for standard error in parenthesises. Standard error was calculated using a pooled estimate of error variance.