Table 7 Description of data extracted from all included articles

Sahli et al. 2013 [42]

Static Stabilometric platform (SATEL, Blagnac, France), 40 Hz

Heels 5 cm apart, 30° angle between long axes of the feet. Eye focused at eye level, white cross on wall 2 m away, 3 trials of 51.2 s, 30-s rest interval

Mean ± SD Position of ML

#AIS = 22 ± 13.1 mm, #CON = 17 ± 26 mm, p < 0001*

Mean ± SD Positon of AP

#AIS = 25 ± 37.4 mm, #CON = 22 ± 22.5 mm, p < 0.001*

Mean ± SD Sway Area

#AIS = 490 ± 318 mm², #CON = 310 ± 364 mm², p < 0.001*

Park et al.

2013 [43]

MFT balance tester

(MFT balance test- basic, Multifunktionale trainsgerate, Germany)

Barefoot, subjects were to locate their centre of gravity into 5 different sections from the centre of a circle, 2 trials of 30 s

×Mean left and right balance in kg/m² derived from the absolute values by subtracting the rate of the opposite direction from the rate of the selected direction

AIS G1 = 12.57 ± 9.55 kg/m², G2 = 13.47 ± 11.54 kg/m²

G3 = 12.33 ± 10.68 kg/m², CON = 2.38 ± 1.96 kg/m²,

p < 0.01 between all groups*

×Mean forward and backward balance in kg/m² derived from the absolute values by subtracting the rate of the opposite direction from the rate of the selected direction

AIS G1 = 20.44 ± 12.91 kg/m², G2 = 22.14 ± 18.03 kg/m², G3 = 16.28 ± 11.43 kg/m², CON = 10.37 ± 8.51 kg/m²,

p < 0.01 between all groups*

de Santiago et al. 2013 [44]

EMG system force platform

(Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil), 100 Hz

Feet shoulder width apart, arms along body, eyes focused at eye level at 5 cm diameter black circle 1.5 m away, 3 trials of 60 s, self-chosen rest

xMean ± SD Sway Area

#AIS = 60 ± 1.4 mm², #CON = 40 ± 2.8 mm², p < 0.0001*

Stylianides et al. 2013 [45]

AMTI force platform

model OR6–5 (Newton, MA), 64 Hz

Barefoot, heels 23 cm apart, feet external rotated 15°, eyes focused at eye level target 1.2 m away, 3 trials of 64 s

Mean ± SD Range of ML

#AIS = 19.8 ± 9 mm, #CON = 14.5 ± 6.3 mm, p < 0.05*

Mean ± SD Range of AP, posterior displacement

#AIS = 32 ± 13.3 mm, #CON = 25.8 ± 7.8 mm, p < 0.05*

Gruber et al. 2011 [46]

AMTI force platform

(AMTI, Newton, MA), 1080 Hz

Feet shoulder width apart, hands by the side, looking straight ahead, 3 trials of 10 s

Mean ± SD Range of ML

AIS = 28.99 ± 25.55 mm, CON = 17.25 ± 7.09 mm, p = 0.025*

Mean ± SD Range of AP

AIS = 28.39 ± 11.44 mm, CON = 25.00 ± 11.72 mm, p = NS

Mean ± SD Sway Area

AIS = 3.73 ± 0.40 mm², CON = 3.48 ± 0.38 mm², p < 0.005*

Dalleau et al. 2011 [47]

AMTI force platform

model OR-5 (Newton, MA, USA), 64 Hz

Barefoot, heels 23 cm apart, feet pointing externally 15°, eyes focused on target 1.2 m ahead, 3 trials of 30 s

×Median (IQR) Range of ML

#AIS = 15.0 mm (6.5 mm), #CON = 12.0 mm (7.0 mm), p = 0.02*

×Median (IQR) Range of AP, posterior displacement

#AIS = 25.5 mm (8.2 mm), #CON = 16.5 mm (7.2 mm), p < 0.01*

Valles et al.

2009 [48]

2xAMTI force plates under each foot model 0TS6–500, 100 Hz

3 trials of 30 s

×Mean ± SD Sway Area

AIS = 2728 ± 4177 mm², CON = 2152 ± 2767 mm², p = NS

Beaulieu et al. 2009 [49]

AMTI force platform

(Newton, MA, USA), 64 Hz

Heels spaced 20 cm apart, feet pointing externally 15°, eyes focused on target 1.2 m away, 3 trials of 64 s,

2-min rest intervals

Mean ± SD Position of ML, right displacement

Mean ± SD Range of ML

#AIS = 4.58 ± 11.5 mm (OB & PB), #CON = 4.0 ± 9.0 mm, p = NS between OB, PB and CON groups.

#AIS = 541.3 ± 244.9 mm, #CON = 184.6 ± 153.8 mm, p < 0.001* OB vs CON, p < 0.001* PB vs CON

Mean ± SD Position of AP, posterior displacement

Mean ± SD Range of AP

#AIS = 73.8 ± 13.0 mm (OB & PB), #CON = 64.0 ± 13.0 mm, p = 0.04* OB vs CON, p = 0.001* PB vs CON

#AIS = 629.0 ± 156.7 mm, #CON = 233.3 ± 186.2 mm, p < 0.001* OB vs CON, p < 0.001* PB vs CON

Mean ± SD Sway Area

#AIS = 245.0 ± 172.5 mm² (OB & PB), #CON = 180 ± 115 mm², p = NS OB vs CON, p = 0.008* PB vs CON

Zabjek et al. 2008 [50]

2× AMTI force platforms under each foot, 20 Hz

Quiet standing position, 4 trials of 2 min, adequate rest between each trial

×Mean ± SD Position estimate gravity line of COM ML, right displacement

AIS = 3.7 ± 11,08 mm, CON = 4.6 ± 9,69 mm, p = NR

×Mean ± SD Position estimate gravity line of COM in AP, anterior displacement

AIS = 30.2 ± 16,06 mm, CON = 28.3 ± 16,16 mm, p = NR

Dalleau et al. 2007 [51]

AMTI force platform

(Newton, MA, USA), 64 Hz

Barefoot, heels spaced 23 cm apart, feet pointing externally 15°, arms along body, eyes focused at eye level target 1.2 m away, 3 trials of 64 s, 60-s rest intervals

Mean ± SD Position of ML, right displacement

Mean ± SD Range of ML

AIS = 3.3 ± 12.0 mm, CON = 3.4 ± 6.8 mm, p = NS

#AIS = 18 ± 3.5 mm, #CON = 13 ± 2.5 mm, p = 0.001*

Mean ± SD Position of AP, posterior displacement

Mean ± SD Range of AP

AIS = 62.3 ± 10.7 mm, CON = 71.3 ± 14.3 mm, p = 0.043*

#AIS = 29.5 ± 8 mm, #CON = 24 ± 7 mm, p = 0.016*

Simoneau et al. 2006a [52]

AMTI force platform

model OR6–6 (Watertown, USA), 200 Hz

Barefoot with feet 10 cm apart, arms along body, eyes focused at eye level target 2 m away, 6 trials of 30 s divided into two 15-s intervals

×Mean distance between consecutive zones of 3 mm radius, sway density curve

#AIS = 3.8 mm ± 2,3, #CON = 1.69 mm ± 2,14, p < 0.01*

Chow et al. 2006 [53]

AMTI force platform

(Newton, MA, USA), 64 Hz

Barefoot, heels 10 cm apart, feet pointing externally 30°, arms along body

Eyes focused at eye level 10 cm × 15 cm reference square 2 m away, 3 trials of 60 s, 3-min rest intervals

×Mean Range of AP

AIS & CON = 31.9 mm averaged p = NR

Simoneau et al. 2006b [54]

AMTI force platform, 200 Hz

Barefoot with feet 10 cm apart, arms along body, eyes focused at eye level target 2 m away, 6 trials of 15 s

Mean ± SD Range of ML

#AIS = 13 ± 6.26 mm, #CON = 5.8 ± 6.39 mm, p = NR

Mean ± SD Range of AP

#AIS = 19.5 ± 5.89 mm, #CON = 10.9 ± 6.1 mm, p = NR

Allard et al.

2004 [55]

AMTI force platform

(Newton, MA, USA), 64 Hz

Heels spaced 23 cm apart, feet pointing externally 15°, eyes focused on target 1.2 m away, 3 trials of 64 s

Mean ± SD Position of ML, right displacement

AIS = 5.3 ± 14.2 mm, CON = 3.2 ± 9.3 mm, p = NS

Mean ± SD Position of AP, posterior displacement

AIS = 26.1 ± 13.3 mm, CON = 36.6 ± 12.4 mm, p = 0.002*

Mean ± SD Sway Area

#AIS = 275 ± 175 mm², CON = 183 ± 111 mm², p = 0.010*

Silferi et al. 2004 [56]

AMTI force platform

(Newton, MA), 64 Hz

Heels spaced 20 cm apart, feet external rotation 15°. Focused ahead at a target 1.2 m away, 3 trials of 64 s, 30-s rests

×RMS Amplitude, horizontal motion of ML

#AIS = 0.5 ± 0.5 mm, #CON = 0.2 ± 01 mm, p < 0.05*

×RMS Amplitude, horizontal motion of AP

#AIS = 0.5 ± .2 mm, #CON = 0.7 ± 0.4 mm, p = NS

Nault et al.

2002 [57]

AMTI force platform

(Newton, MA)

at 64 Hz

Heels spaced 20 cm apart, feet external rotation 15°, arms along body, eyes focused at eye level target 1.2 m away,

3 trials of 60 s

Mean ± SD Position of ML, right displacement

AIS = 6.5 ± 10.1 mm, CON = 4.4 ± 9.1 mm, p = NS

Mean ± SD Position of AP, posterior displacement

AIS = 72.7 ± 12.4 mm, CON = 85.0 ± 12.0 mm, p = 0.043*

Mean ± SD Sway Area

AIS = 274.0 ± 154.0 mm², CON = 190.3 ± 123.5 mm², p = 0.009*

Chen et al.

1998 [58]

Kistler Instrument Corp

at 50 Hz

Barefoot, feet parallel 8 cm apart

1 trial of 30 s

Mean ± SD Range ML

AIS = 17.0 ± 6.8 mm, CON = 13.4 ± 5.1 mm, p = 0.05*

Mean ± SD Range AP

AIS = 25.9 ± 13.2 mm, CON = 20.4 ± 4.2 mm, p = NS

Mean ± SD Sway Area

AIS = 765 ± 419 mm², CON = 447 ± 98 mm², p = 0.004*

Sahlstrand et al. 1978 [59]

Force platform

L’Electronique Appliquee (Montrouge, France)

Heels together, feet external rotation 30°, eyes focused at eye level on a 10 × 10 cm reference square 5 m away, 1 trial of 2 min with 2-min rest intervals

×RMS ± SD Range of ML

×Mean ± SD Position of ML, right displacement

#AIS = 4.8 ± 1.38 mm, #CON = 4.4 ± 1.13 mm, p < 0.05*

Data NR, p < 0.05*

×RMS ± SD Range of AP

×Mean ± SD Position of AP

#AIS = 6.2 ± 1.9 mm, #CON = 5.6 ± 2.0 mm, p < 0.05*

Data NR, p = NR

×Mean ± SD Sway Area

#AIS = 107.1 ± 4.9 mm², #CON = 78.5 ± 4.9 mm², p < 0.05*