Table 1 Regimens for intravenous patient-controlled analgesia reported in the literature
First author Journal Year Type of study Total sample size | Loading | PCA bolus | Lockout interval | Basal infusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Weldon [14] Clin J Pain 1993 RCT 54 | None | Morphine sulfate 0.03Â mg/kg (PCA bolus alone) or 0.02Â mg/kg (PCA bolus + basal infusion) | Â | None (PCA bolus alone) or morphine sulfate 0.02Â mg/kg/h (PCA bolus + basal infusion) |
Beaulieu [15] Int Orthop 1996 Observational 100 | Morphine 114.5 μg/kg | Morphine 24.8 μg/kg | 9.9 min | None |
Cassady [16] Reg Anesth Pain Med 2000 RCT 33 | None | Morphine sulfate 0.02Â mg/kg | 8-min and 4-h limit of 0.2Â mg/kg | None |
Munro [17] Can J Anaesth 2002 RCT 35 | Morphine 0.05–0.1 mg/kg | Morphine 0.02 mg/kg | No description | Morphine 0.01 mg/kg/h |
Sucato [18] Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2005 Retrospective 613 | None | Morphine 0.02–0.03 mg/kg or meperidine 0.2–0.3 mg/kg | 7–12 min with a limit of 4–5 injections/h | ± Morphine 0.015 mg/kg/h or meperidine 0.15 mg/kg/h |
Crawford [19] Anesth Analg 2006 RCT 30 | Morphine 100 μg/kg | Morphine 20 μg/kg | 6 min | Morphine 10 μg/kg/h |
Gauger [20] J Pediatr Orthop 2009 RCT 67 | None | Hydromorphone 2 μg/kg | 10-min and 4-h limit of 20 μg/kg | Hydromorphone 2 μg/kg/h |
Milbrandt [21] Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2009 Retrospective 136 | None | Morphine 0.01–0.02 mg/kg | 6–10 min with a limit of 4–5 injections/h | ± Morphine 0.02 mg/kg/h |
Sadhasivam [22] J Clin Anesth 2009 Retrospective 131 | None | Morphine 20 μg/kg | 7 min | Morphine 10 μg/kg/h |
Wade [23] Spine Deform 2015 Retrospective 196 | None | Morphine 10 μg/kg | 10 min | Morphine 10 μg/kg/h |
Mayell [24] Pediatr Anaesth 2014 RCT 35 | None | Morphine 20 μg/kg | 6 min | Morphine 10 μg/kg/h for the first day |
Klatt [25] Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2013 RCT 66 | Up to 0.2 mg/kg | Morphine 20 μg/kg | 10 min with a limit of 4 demand doses/h | Morphine 20 μg/kg/h |
Choudhry [26] J Pediatr Orthop 2017 Retrospective 127 | None | Morphine 1.0 mg | 10 min with a 4-h maximum dose of 0.3 mg/kg | Morphine 20 μg/kg/h |
Perello [27] Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2017 RCT 44 | None | Morphine hydrochloride 20 μg/kg |  | Morphine hydrochloride 5 μg/kg/h |
Pestieau [28] Pediatr Anesth 2014 RCT 50 | None | Morphine 20 μg/kg | 8 min | Morphine 20 μg/kg/h |
Rusy [29] Anesth Analg 2010 RCT 59 | None | Morphine 0.02Â mg/kg | 6Â min and an hourly maximum of 0.12Â mg/kg | Morphine 0.02Â mg/kg/h |
Engelhardt [30] Anesth Analg 2008 RCT 34 | None | Morphine 20 μg/kg | 6 min | Morphine 10 μg/kg/h |
O’Hara [31] Pediatr Anesth 2004 RCT 31 | None | Morphine 1 mg (BW > 50 kg) or 20 μg/kg (BW < 50 kg) | 6 min with 10 possible doses/h | None |
Hiller [32] Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2012 RCT 36 | None | Oxycodone 0.025Â mg/kg | 10-min and 4-h maximum of 0.3Â mg/kg | None |