Vasiliadis ES, Grivas TB, Kaspiris A. Historical overview of spinal deformities in ancient Greece. Scoliosis. 2009;4(6):1–13.
Google Scholar
Weinstein SL, Dolan LA, Cheng JC, Danielsson A, Morcuende JA. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Lancet. 2008;371(9623):1527–37.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kouwenhoven JW, Castelein RM. The pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: review of the literature. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008;33(26):2898–908.
Article
Google Scholar
Tang NL, Yeung HY, Hung VW, Liao CD, Lam TP, Yeung HM, et al. Genetic epidemiology and heritability of AIS: a study of 415 Chinese female patients. J Orthop Res. 2012;30(9):1464–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wang D, Shi L, Chu WC, Burwell RG, Cheng JC, Ahuja AT. Abnormal cerebral cortical thinning pattern in adolescent girls with idiopathic scoliosis. Neuroimage. 2012;59(2):935–42.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chu WC, Lam WW, Chan YL, Ng BK, Lam TP, Lee KM, et al. Relative shortening and functional tethering of spinal cord in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis? study with multiplanar reformat magnetic resonance imaging and somatosensory evoked potential. Spine. 2006;31(1):E19–25.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Geissele AE, Kransdorf MJ, Geyer CA, Jelinek JS, Van Dam BE. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain stem in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 1991;16(7):98–63.
Article
Google Scholar
Lowe T, Lawellin D, Smith D, Price C, Haher T, Merola A, et al. Platelet calmodulin levels in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Do the levels correlate with curve progression and severity ? Spine. 2002;27:768–75.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Qiu Y, Sun X, Qiu X, Li W, Zhu Z, Zhu F, et al. Decreased circulating leptin level and its association with body and bone mass in girls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 2007;32(24):2703–10.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moreau A, Wang DS, Forget S, Azeddine B, Angeloni D, Fraschini F, et al. Melatonin signaling dysfunction in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 2004;29(16):1772–81.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Grivas TB, Burwell RG, Purdue M, Webb JK, Moulton A. A segmental analysis of thoracic shape in chest radiographs of children. Changes related to spinal level, age, sex, side and significance for lung growth and scoliosis. J Anat. 1991;178:21–38.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cheung KM, Wang T, Hu YG, Leong JC. Primary thoracolumbar scoliosis in pinealectomized chickens. Spine. 2003;28(22):2499–504.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sevastik JA. Dysfunction of the autonomic nerve system (ANS) in the aetiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2002;88:20–3.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Guo X, Chau WW, Chan YL, Cheng JC. Relative anterior spinal overgrowth in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Results of disproportionate endochondral-membranous bone growth. J Bone Joint Surg (Br). 2003;85(7):1026–31.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Castelein RM. Pre-existent rotation of the normal spine at different ages and its consequences for the scoliotic mechanism. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2012;176:20–5.
PubMed
Google Scholar
van der Plaats A, Veldhuizen AG, Verkerke GJ. Numerical simulation of asymmetrically altered growth as initiation mechanism of scoliosis. Ann Biomed Eng. 2007;35(7):1206–15.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Burwell RG, Aujla RK, Grevitt MP, Dangerfield PH, Moulton A, Randell TL, et al. Pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in girls - a double neuro-osseous theory involving disharmony between two nervous systems, somatic and autonomic expressed in the spine and trunk: possible dependency on sympathetic nervous system and hormones with implications for medical therapy. Scoliosis. 2009;4:24.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Burwell RG, Dangerfield PH, Moulton A, Grivas TB, Cheng JC. Whither the etiopathogenesis (and scoliogeny) of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis? Incorporating presentations on scoliogeny at the 2012 IRSSD and SRS meetings. Scoliosis. 2013;8(1):4.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Millner PA, Dickson RA. Idiopathic scoliosis: biomechanics and biology. Eur Spine J. 1996;5(6):362–73.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Soucacos PN, Zacharis K, Gelalis J, Soultanis K, Kalos N, Beris A, et al. Assessment of curve progression in idiopathic scoliosis. Eur Spine J. 1998;7(4):270–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Machida M, Saito M, Dubousset J, Yamada T, Kimura J, Shibasaki K. Pathological mechanism of idiopathic scoliosis: experimental scoliosis in pinealectomized rats. Eur Spine J. 2005;14(9):843–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Archer IA, Dickson RA. Stature and idiopathic scoliosis. A prospective study J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1985;67(2):185–8.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Veldhuizen AG, Baas P, Webb PJ. Observations on the growth of the adolescent spine. J Bone Joint Surg (Br). 1986;68(5):724–8.
CAS
Google Scholar
Stokes IA. Analysis and simulation of progressive adolescent scoliosis by biomechanical growth modulation. Eur Spine J. 2007;16(10):1621–8.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Timoshenko SP, Gere MP. Elastic buckling of bars and frames. In Timoshenko SP (ed) Theory of Elastic Stability, 2nd edn. publisher Mcgraw Hill; 1961. pp 46–8.
Taylor JR, Twomey LT. Sexual dimorphism in human vertebral body shape. J Anat. 1984;138:281–6.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Meijer GJ1, Homminga J, Hekman EE, Veldhuizen AG, Verkerke GJ. The effect of three-dimensional geometrical changes during adolescent growth on the biomechanics of a spinal motion segment. J Biomech. 2010;43(8):1590–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kouwenhoven JW, Smit TH, van der Veen AJ, Kingma I, van Dieën JH, Castelein RM. Effects of dorsal versus ventral shear loads on the rotational stability of the thoracic spine: a biomechanical porcine and human cadaveric study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2007;32(23):2545–50.
Article
Google Scholar
Dickson RA, Lawton JO, Archer IA, Butt WP. The pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis. Biplanar spinal asymmetry J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1984;66(1):8–15.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Poussa MS, Heliövaara MM, Seitsamo JT, Könönen MH, Hurmerinta KA, Nissinen MJ. Development of spinal posture in a cohort of children from the age of 11 to 22 years. Eur Spine J. 2005;14(8):738–42.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Adams W. Lectures on the pathology and treatment of lateral and other forms of curvature of the spine. London: Churchill; 1882.
Google Scholar
Mac-Thiong JM, Berthonnaud E, Dimar 2nd JR, Betz RR, Labelle H. Sagittal alignment of the spine and pelvis during growth. Spine. 2004;29(15):1642–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Panjabi MM, Brand RA, White AA. Mechanical properties of the human thoracic spine as shown by three-dimensional load-displacement curves. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976;58(5):642–52.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
White 3rd AA. Kinematics of the normal spine as related to scoliosis. J Biomech. 1971;4(5):405–11.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lee D. Biomechanics of the thorax: a clinical model of the in vivo function. J manual & manipulative Ther. 1993;1(1):13–21.
Article
Google Scholar
Sizer PS, Brismée JM, Cook C. Coupling behavior of the thoracic spine: a systematic review of the literature. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2007;30(5):390–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Roaf R. Rotation movements of the spine with special reference to scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg (Br). 1958;40-B(2):312–32.
CAS
Google Scholar
Burwell RG, Cole AA, Cook TA, Grivas TB, Kiel AW, Moulton A, et al. Pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis. The Nottingham concept Acta Orthop Belg. 1992;58 Suppl 1:33–58.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Masharawi Y, Rothschild B, Dar G, Peleg S, Robinson D, Been E, et al. Facet orientation in the thoracolumbar spine: three-dimensional anatomic and biomechanical analysis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004;29(16):1755–63.
Article
Google Scholar
Masharawi YM, Peleg S, Albert HB, Dar G, Steingberg N, Medlej B, et al. Facet asymmetry in normal vertebral growth: characterization and etiologic theory of scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008;33(8):898–902.
Article
Google Scholar
Janssen MM, Kouwenhoven JW, Schlösser TP, Viergever MA, Bartels LW, Castelein RM, et al. Analysis of preexistent vertebral rotation in the normal infantile, juvenile, and adolescent spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011;36(7):E486–91.
Article
Google Scholar
Little JP, Adam CJ. Effects of surgical joint destabilization on load sharing between ligamentous structures in the thoracic spine: a finite element investigation. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2011;26(9):895–903.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Appelt K. Rib movements of the monosegmental specimen. In: Appelt K, editor. Biomechanics of the thoracic spine: development of a method to measure the influence of the rib cage on thoracic spine movement. 1st ed. Ulm Germany: Universität Ulm Medizinische Fakultät; 2013. p. 41–5.
Google Scholar
DiMeglio A, Canavese F, Charles YP. Growth and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: when and how much? J Pediatr Orthop. 2011;31(1):S28–35.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mellin G, Poussa M. Spinal mobility and posture in 8- to 16-year-old children. J Orthop Res. 1992;10(2):211–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mellin G, Härkönen H, Poussa M. Spinal mobility and posture and their correlations with growth velocity in structurally normal boys and girls aged 13 to 14. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1988;13(2):152–4.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Moran HM, Hall MA, Barr A, Ansell BM. Spinal mobility in the adolescent. Rheumatol Rehabil. 1979;18(3):181–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Haley SM, Tada WL, Carmichael EM. Spinal mobility in young children. A normative study. Phys Ther. 1986;66(11):1697–703.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Poussa M, Mellin G. Spinal mobility and posture in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis at three stages of curve magnitude. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1992;17(7):757–60.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Poussa M, Härkönen H, Mellin G. Spinal mobility in adolescent girls with idiopathic scoliosis and in structurally normal controls. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1989;14(2):217–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Riddle HF, Roaf R. Muscle imbalance in the causation of scoliosis. Lancet. 1955;268(6877):1245–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Modi HN, Suh SW, Yang JH, Hong JY, Venkatesh K, Muzaffar N. Spontaneous regression of curve in immature idiopathic scoliosis - does spinal column play a role to balance? An observation with literature review. J Orthop Surg Res. 2010;5(80):1–8.
Google Scholar
Cheung J, Veldhuizen AG, Halberts JP, Sluiter WJ, Van Horn JR. Geometric and electromyographic assessments in the evaluation of curve progression in idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006;31(3):322–9.
Article
Google Scholar
Kim H, Lee CK, Yeom JS, Lee JH, Cho JH, Shin SI, et al. Asymmetry of the cross-sectional area of paravertebral and psoas muscle in patients with degenerative scoliosis. Eur Spine J. 2013;22(6):1332–8.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Smidt GL, Blanpied PR, White RW. Exploration of mechanical and electromyographic responses of trunk muscles to high-intensity resistive exercise. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1989;14(8):815–30.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Axelgaard J. Transcutaneous electrical muscle stimulation for the treatment of progressive spinal curvature deformities. Int Rehabil Med. 1984;6(1):31–46.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ponseti IV, Campos J. Observations on pathogenesis and treatment of congenital clubfoot. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1972;84:50–60.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Butler PB. A preliminary report on the effectiveness of trunk targeting in achieving independent sitting balance in children with cerebral palsy. Clin Rehabil. 1998;12(4):281–93.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wiemann JM, Shah SA, Price CT. Nighttime bracing versus observation for early adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop. 2014;34(6):603–6.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
van Loon PJ1, Kühbauch BA, Thunnissen FB. Forced lordosis on the thoracolumbar junction can correct coronal plane deformity in adolescents with double major curve pattern idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 2008;33(7):797–801.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
van Loon PJ, Roukens M, Thunnissen FB, Munneke J. A similar approach in bracing of adolescent scoliosis and kyphosis with the use of growth itself in thoracolumbar lordotic intervention (TLI). Stud Health Technol Inform. 2012;176:68–72.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fusco C, Zaina F, Atanasio S, Romano M, Negrini A, Negrini S. Physical exercises in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: an updated systematic review. Physiother Theory Pract. 2011;27(1):80–114.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Negrini S, Minozzi S, Bettany-Saltikov J, Zaina F, Chockalingam N, Grivas TB, et al. Braces for idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;1, CD006850.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Davies E, Norvell D, Hermsmeyer J. Efficacy of bracing versus observation in the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis. Evid Based Spine Care J. 2011;2(2):25–34.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Goldberg CJ, Moore DP, Fogarty EE, Dowling FE. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: the effect of brace treatment on the incidence of surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2001;26(1):42–7.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Blount WP, Schmidt AC, Bidwell RG. Making the Milwaukee brace. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1958;40-A(3):526–8.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Weinstein SL, Dolan LA, Wright JG, Dobbs MB. Effects of bracing in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(16):1512–21.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dolan LA, Wright JG, Weinstein SL. Effects of bracing in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(7):681.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Reichel D, Schanz J. Developmental psychological aspects of scoliosis treatment. Pediatr Rehabil. 2003;6(3-4):221–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bunnell WP. Nonoperative treatment of spinal deformity: the case for observation. Instr Course Lect. 1985;34:106–9.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chan SL, Cheung KM, Luk KD, Wong KW, Wong MS. A correlation study between in-brace correction, compliance to spinal orthosis and health-related quality of life of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Scoliosis. 2014;9(1):1. doi:10.1186/1748-7161-9-1.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Goldberg CJ, Moore DP, Fogarty EE, Dowling FE. Scoliosis: a review. Pediatr Surg Int. 2008;24(2):129–44.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar